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Microscope Binocular Stereo

Hair Transplant Terminology

Follicular Unit  The follicular unit of the adult human scalp is a naturally occurring entity that consists of 1-4, and occasionally 5, terminal hair follicles, 1, or rarely 2, vellus follicles, the associated sebaceous lobules, the insertions of the arrector pili muscles, its neural and vascular plexuses, and the fine adventitial collagen which surrounds, and defines, the unit (the perifolliculum).

Follicular Unit Graft  A graft that is obtained by dissecting out the individual, naturally occurring follicular unit. This is also referred to as a follicular unit implant, a term which implies that (unlike most grafts) the ratio of hair/skin is greater in the follicular unit implant than in the original donor area, since some of the non-hair bearing tissue has been trimmed away in the dissection.

Micrograft  A 1-2 hair graft. It may consist of naturally occurring one and two-hair follicular units or be derived from larger units which are subdivided.

Minigraft  A 3-6 hair graft derived from either a single follicular unit, multiple follicular units, or multiple, partial follicular units. As suggested by Walter Unger, this may be further classified into small minigrafts of 3-4 hairs, and large minigrafts of 5-6 hairs.

Slit-graft  A 3-6 hair graft derived from either multiple follicular units, or multiple, partial follicular units where the dissection technique specifically attempts to produce a linear arrangement of follicles, or follicular units. This may be further classified into small slit-grafts of 3-4 hairs, and large slit-grafts of 5-6 hairs.

Follicular Unit Dissection  A technique in which naturally occurring, individual follicular units are dissected from donor tissue that has been removed as a single strip (rather than with a multi-bladed knife of more than two blades) in order to keep the follicular units intact. Some non-hair bearing tissue is removed to decrease the overall bulk of the implant. Stereo-microscopic dissection is required.

Mini-Micrografts or Slit-grafts Cut to Size  A dissection technique whereby the donor strip is subdivided to produce grafts of specific sizes as defined by the number of hairs they contain and/or the size of tissue that will fit into a specific recipient site. The removal of excess skin is not required. The dissection can be performed with or without magnification and the donor tissue may be removed as a single strip or with a multi-bladed knife.

Follicular Unit Transplantation  A method of hair restoration surgery where hair is transplanted exclusively in its naturally occurring, individual follicular units. Single strip harvesting and stereo-microscopic dissection are required. The grafts must be placed into small recipient incisions.

Mini-Micrografting  A method of hair transplantation which uses grafts containing 1-6 hairs, in groups that do not necessarily correspond to the naturally occurring follicular units. The recipient sites may be either incisions, excisions (tissue removed), or both.

Two Terminology Extremes: Science vs. Marketing
Soon after the publication, Seager suggested to add another term, the "Follicular Family Unit." (7) To paraphrase Dr. Seager:         

When dissecting follicular units, it is sometimes unclear as to which unit a seemingly "stray" hair belongs.  In other words, occasionally it is not completely obvious where one follicular unit ends, and an adjacent one begins. When one is specifically trying to create increased density, a stray hair would be included with an (unusually) close neighboring, larger follicular unit, containing possibly three hairs.  This technique would create a four-haired unit, when there may have been no four-haired units there at all.  One must find two separate units that look close enough to almost "belong together."  If the two contiguous units are chosen correctly, the resulting unit can be very difficult, sometimes impossible, to distinguish from a naturally occurring follicular unit.

The key to success in this endeavor is the concept of the "Follicular Family Unit."  If any ("non-family") two-follicular units are randomly doubled up, the resulting graft will be more the size of a minigraft, rather than a micrograft.  It would need a larger recipient site, which would preclude dense packing because of both technical planting limitations and impairment of scalp vasculature.  If, on the other hand, despite their larger size, they are forced into minute micrograft-sized recipient sites; they would be traumatized during attempts at insertion.

Although the term "follicular family unit" was introduced to account for the variability in the anatomy of the follicular unit and to take advantage of these variations in the surgery, other terms were not necessarily based on purely scientific considerations. 

A blatant misrepresentation of the term follicular unit was "Follicular Unit Coupling - The Role of Slot Grafting in Hair Transplantation." (8)  In this case, the author attached the new term to the original slot grafting method.  This was a technique that used slit grafts harvested with a multi-bladed knife and then cut into thin pieces and placed into large slots of skin removed with a rectangular punch.  The term was new and a marketing campaign followed, but the technique was the same as the original one, with no-attempt whatsoever to use, or preserve, follicular units.

Between these extremes, is the ongoing struggle to describe what we do in a clear, precise way - in the face of ever evolving concepts and techniques, and an ever increasing number of terms.  The issue at hand is to be able to distinguish which terms are adding to the science and which are just blurring it. 

Making Sense of the FU Salad
From the opening list of acronyms, all used at the recent ISHRS meeting, it seems that we again need to step back and examine the new terms, to see which represent distinct ideas or techniques and which are, perhaps, redundant.  What follows is a first-pass attempt at sorting out the six terms that, in our opinion, are the most confusing, and have the most overlap. They come in two groups: The first is FU Coupling, FU pairing, Double FUs (DFUs) and Multiple FUs (MFUs). The second group includes FUE and FIT.

With respect to the first group, we think that there are two distinct situations that doctor's are trying to communicate with these terms. The first is the technique of placing two separately dissected follicular unit grafts into one recipient site.  This is distinct from the commonly used term "Doubling-up" which many doctors have used to refer to placing two micrografts in one site.  Our suggestion is to use the term FU pairing to refer to the technique of placing two separately isolated follicular units into one recipient site.  We suggest discarding the term FU Coupling as it has been incorrectly associated with slit grafting procedures in past literature and its use will be confusing.

The second situation is when a doctor places two (or more) follicular units, that have not been separated in the dissection, into one hole.  In our view, this is clearly not follicular unit transplantation. The reason is that a main advantage of FUT was that in isolating FUs one would remove some of the non-hair bearing skin between FUs, to decrease the bulk of the graft. This, in turn, would allow the doctor to use a smaller recipient site, create less wounding, allow for safely transplanting a larger number of grafts in a single session etc, etc.  Using multiple non-dissected follicular units, in our view, creates a larger wound and accomplishes none of these goals.

We are not suggesting that doctors should abandon this technique. Some excellent surgeons incorporate these grafts into their procedures.  We are merely suggesting that it not be called FUT.  Well then what should one call them?  Our answer is to call them what they have always been called, namely micro-grafts, mini-grafts and slit grafts. If one argues that they are now different due to the use of the stereo-microscope, then we agree.  In this case, the grafts should be called microscopically dissected micro-grafts, mini-grafts and slit grafts, to communicate the fact that follicular transection may be avoided.  But these are still not follicular unit grafts any more than a pedicle flap is follicular unit transplantation.  To avoid confusion, we suggest eliminating the terms DFUs and MFUs.   

So what should we call eyebrow transplants? According to the technique used by most hair restoration surgeons, where they divide up the donor strip into single hairs, it should be called one-hair micrografting.  If one uses the contra-lateral eyebrow for donor hair, then this can truly be referred to as FUT.   

FUE and FIT
The increased transection rate of FUE harvesting techniques that use a sharp punch (relative to single-strip harvesting and stereomicroscopic dissection) had some doctors immediately question whether this procedure should be classified as a type of follicular unit transplantation. (9)  With the introduction of the blunt dissection technique by Harris, that significantly decreased damage to follicles and increased the preservation of follicular units, the argument for classifying FUE as a type of FUT is considerably stronger - but certainly not bullet-proof - since in some cases significant transection remains and in others the entire follicular unit cannot be captured. (10)

The Follicular Isolation Technique (FIT), is a term used by Cole and Rose that refers to an FUE technique that uses a punch with a "stop" to limit the depth of penetration. Although these authors and other physicians question the need for a depth-stop in the extraction technique, FIT is possibly a better term than FUE if the entire unit is not being captured.  In our view, when the goal is just to extract hair, rather than intact follicular units, the term FIT is preferable.

Conclusion
In sum, these authors suggest that the following four terms and definitions be added to the original classification.

Follicular Family Unit  Two closely contiguous follicular units that are dissected as one graft, so that they can fit into the same size recipient site as the largest naturally occurring follicular unit normally used in the procedure.

FU pairing  The technique of placing two separately isolated follicular units into one recipient site.

FUE  Direct donor extraction procedures where the intent is to extract the entire follicular unit. If a depth stop is used, this should be indicated.

FIT  Direct extraction procedures where the intent is to extract individual or multiple hairs smaller than the entire follicular unit. (In other words, the direct extraction of micro-grafts.) If a depth stop is used, this should be indicated.

Micro-grafts, mini-grafts and slit grafts that have been dissected microscopically to prevent follicular transection should be referred to just that, namely: microscopically dissected micro-grafts, mini-grafts and slit grafts.  These authors do not feel that these procedures should be classified as a type of follicular unit transplantation.  We also suggest that the terms FU Coupling, DFUs and MFUs are confusing and should be abandoned.

References

1. Headington JT: Transverse microscopic anatomy of the human scalp. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:449-456.
2. Bernstein RM, Rassman WR, Szaniawski W, Halperin A. Follicular Transplantation.  Intl J Aesthetic Restorative Surgery 1995; 3: 119-32.
3. Limmer BL. Elliptical donor stereoscopically assisted micrografting as an approach to further refinement in hair transplantation. Dermatol Surg 1994;20:789-793.
4. Seager D. Binocular stereoscopic dissecting microscopes: should we use them? Hair Transplant Forum Int 1996; 6(4): 2-5.
5. Bernstein RM: Microscopophobia. Hair Transplant Forum International. 1998; 8(5): 23.
6. Bernstein RM, et al.  Standardizing the classification and description of follicular unit transplantation and mini-micrografting techniques. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 957-63.
7. Seager D. Dense hair transplantation from sparse donor area - introducing the "follicular family unit." Hair Transplant Forum Intl 1998; 8(1):21-23.
8. Bernstein RM, Rassman WR, Marritt E, Seager D, et al: A slot by any other name.  Hair Transplant Forum International 1999; 9(6): 175.
9. Rassman WR, Bernstein RM, McClellan R, Jones R, et al. Follicular Unit Extraction: Minimally invasive surgery for hair transplantation. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28(8): 720-7.
10. Harris JA. The SAFE System: New Instrumentation and Methodology to Improve Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE). Hair Transplant Forum Intl. 2004; 14(5): 157, 163-4.

About the Author

Dr. Bernstein is Clinical Professor of Dermatology at Columbia University in New York. Dr. Bernstein"s hair restoration center in Manhattan is devoted to the treatment of hair loss using his state-of-the-art surgical hair restoration techniques. To read more publications on hair loss, visit http://www.bernsteinmedical.com/.

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AmScope 3.5X-90X Binocular Zoom Power Stereo Microscope Head $305 This is a 3.5X-90X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head. It includes two Barlow lenses (0.5X and 2.0X), a pair of super widefield high-eyepoint 10X eyepieces and foldable eyeguards. It comes with 45-degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The microscope provides sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. Its super widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $1100. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 7X-180X Binocular Zoom Power Stereo Microscope Head $362.58 This is a 7X-180X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head. It includes a 2.0X Barlow lens, super widefield high-eyepoint 10X eyepieces, super widefield 20X eyepieces, and foldable eyeguards. It comes with 45-degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The microscope provides sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. Its super widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $1100. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 7X-90X Binocular Zoom Power Stereo Microscope Head $299.98 This is a 7X-90X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head. It includes a 2.0X Barlow lens, a pair of super widefield high-eyepoint 10X eyepieces and foldable eyeguards. It comes with 45 degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The microscope provides sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. Its super widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $1000. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 20x-40x Super Widefield Stereo Binocular Microscope Head $129 This is a super widefield binocular stereo microscope head with 20X and 40X magnification settings. It includes a pair of super widefield high-eyepoint WH10X/20 eyepieces coming with 45° inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The super widefield optics and high-eyepoint design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. The microscope provides high resolution clear images, super widefield of view and large working distance. It fits all the focusing racks with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $500. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 10x-30x Super Widefield Stereo Binocular Microscope Head $129 This is a super widefield multi-power binocular stereo microscope head with 10X and 30X magnification settings. It includes a pair of super widefield high-eyepoint WH10X/20 eyepieces coming with 45° inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. Its super widefield optics and high-eyepoint design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. The microscope offers high resolution clear images, super widefield of view and large working distance. It fits all the focusing racks with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $500. Type: Microscopes

Celestron 44202 Advanced Stereo Microscope $385.47 This stereo microscope offers a great value. The rigid pillar stand has a 360deg; rotatable binocular head which is inclined at 45deg; for comfortable viewing or sharing your views without moving the microscope. Top and bottom halogen illumination combined with the wide field eyepieces allows for excellent viewing of your specimen or object. Features:. 20x Power and 40x Power Stereo. Binocular Head 360deg; Rotatable. Set of 10x Wide Field Eyepieces. 2x and 4x Objective Lenses. Fully Coated Glass Optics. Five Prepared Slides. Top and Bottom Halogen Illumination. Stage Plate Black/White and Frosted/Opaque. Working Distance 110 mm (4.33 ).

AmScope 2X-45X Ultimate Binocular Stereo Zoom Microscope Head $563.5 This is a 2X-45X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head with ultimate optical system, offering top-level sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. It includes a 0.3X barlow lens and a pair of extreme widefield high-eyepoint WH10X/22 eyepieces with foldable eyeguards. It comes with 45-degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The extreme widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $2300. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 2X-90X Ultimate Binocular Stereo Zoom Microscope Head $662 This is a 2X-90X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head with ultimate optical system, offering top-level sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. It includes two Barlow lenses (0.3X & 2.0X) and a pair of extreme widefield high-eyepoint WH10X/22 eyepieces with foldable eyeguards. It comes with 45-degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The extreme widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $2600. Type: Microscopes

AmScope 2X-180X Ultimate Binocular Stereo Zoom Microscope Head $759.5 This is a 2X-180X zoom magnification binocular stereo microscope head with ultimate optical system, offering top-level sharp clear erect stereo images over a large zoom magnification range. It includes two Barlow lenses (0.3X & 2.0X) and two pairs of extreme widefield high-eyepoint eyepieces with foldable eyeguards (WH10X/22 & WH20/12). It comes with 45-degree inclined 30mm eyetubes with diopter. The extreme widefield optics and high-eyepiont design ensure an easy and comfortable observation. This microscope head fits all the stands with a 3" (76mm in diameter) O-ring holder. It is made by the same technicians and on the same production line that makes optical instruments for Leica, Zeiss, Nikon and Olympus. It is brand new in factory box. Its retail value is $3000. Type: Microscopes