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Evolutionary Leap in Embedded Design: System-Level Programmability

How many embedded projects have you worked on that successfully transitioned between lifecycle phases of the project without major rework of system designs, bill of materials, layouts, etc.? If you’re answer is less than 100%, as the majority of the embedded world is, then you should open your mind to a new methodology to embedded design that will save you countless hours, dollars and headaches. In this article we’ll explore the embedded design challenges you face on a day-today basis and, in a pragmatic manner, how you can overcome with true system-level programmability. First, let’s briefly look at what I mean by true system-level programmability.

True System-Level Programmability
Let’s break this apart into three sections and describe each, from right-to-left: Programmability, System-Level, and True.Programmability is not to be confused with configurability; but rather is the ability to build a function using basic building
blocks. In this context, these basic building blocks are implemented in hardware and are used together to build a function by means of configuring registers, data-paths and signal-paths. For example, figure 1 below describes the basic building blocks within Cypress’s next generation PSoC device architectures, PSoC 3 and PSoC 5, for implementing true system-level programmability. These basic building blocks, as highlighted in the figure, consist of a high performance 8-bit 8051 (PSoC 3) or 32-bit ARM Cortex M-3 (PSoC 5) processor, a programmable clocking tree, Universal Digital Blocks (UDBs), programmable analog blocks and programmable routing and interconnects (analog, digital and system buses).

PSoC 3 Architecture
The clocking system of the PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architectures enables a programmable set of analog and digital clocks to support a variety of peripherals like ADCs, PWMs, counters, etc. With eight individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the digital system peripherals and four individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the analog system peripherals all reaching back to a set of four internal or two external clock sources; you have a powerful clocking tree.

A UDB is very powerful, flexible digital logic block. Each UDB in the PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architectures contain an ALU-based 8-bit datapath, two fine grained PLDs, a control and status module as well as a clock and reset module. These elements can be combined to perform the function of a low-end microcontroller, they can be chained together with other UDBs to enable larger functions, or they can implement digital peripherals such as timers, counters, PWMs, UARTs, I2C, SPI, CRCs, etc. With 24 UDBs in some PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 families of devices, you can even implement a 24-core processor in addition to the 8051 or ARM Cortex-M3 processors, or the internal DMA—a very powerful architecture.

The analog capabilities of PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 combine high-precision fixed-function analog (reference voltage accurate to +/- 0.1% over industrial temperature and voltage ranges) with a set of programmable analog peripherals that can be used to implement: mixers, trans-impedance amplifiers, buffers, op-amps, and more.
The combination of flexible, high-precision analog capabilities opens up many possibilities for unique, powerful designs.
Finally, the routing and interconnect of the PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architecture, as you can see above in figure 1, is made up of system buses that enable any GPIO to be digital, analog, CapSense, or LCD drive I/O—a truly powerful feature that can offer significant cost savings (4-layer to 2-layer PCBs) and easier board layout with true routing freedom.
So, what does system-level mean? We have long had component-level programmability in the form of programmable digital
logic (CPLDs, FPGAs, etc.), programmable analog (switched-capacitor and similar functions), programmable clocks, programmable processors, etc. What system-level programmability means is simply all of these programmable components in a single platform, a single device all controlled and configured via an easy to use, hierarchical schematic-based, software development environment. Figure 2 shows a system-level view of a brushless DC Motor control example application. As you can see in this figure, you don’t need to worry about the details of how these individual components are instantiated; instead you focus on what you want these peripheral functions to do. Whether it’s taking tachometer, temperature or pump pressure readings to provide a feedback loop to the motor control function, or driving the 3-phase motor using individual PWM controls, you can solve your system design challenges without worrying about the low-level details of which discrete ICs or peripheral components to use.

Pragmatic Application of System-Level Programmability to Solve Embedded Design Challenges

You face a number of embedded design challenges. First is adapting to change—changes to requirements, layouts, designs, availability of materials, etc. Next is getting to market fast—beating the competition and releasing a product at the right time to net the most impact. Another challenge is analog complexities—choosing, configuring and using the right parts for the right purposes. Finally you must protect your design IP to prohibit competitors from replicating your designs and stealing your market share. Cypress’s PSoC programmable system-on-chip and development software have been designed to meet these challenges head-on and in this section we’re going to take a pragmatic approach to how true system-level programmability and PSoC addresses these challenges.

Adapting to Change
The only constant in the life of an embedded engineer is change, and your ability to embrace change by planning for it and using tools that empower you to adapt is the only way you can truly be successful. As you saw in figure 2, a change to a PSoC engineer could mean a simple modification of a peripheral—perhaps increasing an ADC’s resolution (figure 3), or could be as complicated as adding additional functionality into a design, like a control interface via USB or an LCD Segment Display and capacitive sensing buttons (figure 4). With true system-level programmability you can embrace change and use it to develop the best products you can imagine.

Getting to Market Fast
The biggest challenge in getting to market fast is not always concepts or ideas, but in creating a product from these ideas. Quickly getting a product to market can earn you higher margins and a more focused market with less competition. PsoC engineering enables rapid-prototyping of a solution with easy in-chip tweaking and programming along with a system-level software development environment. With these two capabilities, you can easily breadboard a hardware solution to understand the true requirements and get your product into production.

Analog Complexities
The PSoC programmable system-on-chip platform and its software development environment ease the use of analog circuitry and functions through its intuitive system-level, schematic-based design methodology. As you saw in figures 2 and 3, for example, the instantiation of analog peripherals is as simple as a drag-and-drop of the component on to the design canvas in PSoC Creator followed by peripheral configuration settings specific to the function you’re implementing—for the ADC in this example: resolution, conversion rates, clock sources, etc. The instantiation of other analog peripherals like trans-impedance amplifiers, filters, analog multiplexers, comparators, DACs and other peripherals is just as simple.

Protection of Design IP
The PSoC programmable system-on-chip provides an additional layer of security by way of its system-level programmability that’s embedded in the device. If competitors examine the die, all they can see are the components that make up the PsoC device itself and not the firmware that initializes and instantiates the system you developed using PSoC Creator. The firmware stored in the PSoC devices is also protected with several degrees of protection and defined by memory block to accommodate several levels of protection across the entire device: no protection (used during development), external read protection, external read/write protection as well as full protection (no external read/write or internal write). With these protection levels,the secret sauce of your designs when implemented in the PSoC device can easily be protected from standard reverse engineering techniques.

Conclusion
Cypress’s PSoC programmable system-on-chip and its development software unleash true system-level programmability with its new PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architectures to help you easily overcome your everyday embedded design challenges and allow you to focus on what really matters, your product. These new architectures extend the world’s only programmable embedded design platform, shattering design limitations. In one chip, you can take advantage of high-precision programmable analog including 12- to 20-bit delta-sigma ADCs, a digital logic library with dozens of drop-in peripherals, best-in-class power management and rich connectivity resources; all with an integrated high-performance, single-cycle 8051 or advanced ARM® Cortex™-M3 processor in the PSoC 3 or PSoC 5 architectures, respectively.
The new software tool, PSoC Creator, is available today from www.cypress.com.

About the Author

Product Marketing Manager, Cypress Semiconductor Corp.

Breadboard $73.28 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A breadboard is a construction base for a oneofa kind electronic circuit, a prototype. In modern times the term is commonly used to refer to a particular type of breadboard, the solderless breadboard. Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable, and thus can be used for temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design more easily. Other, often historic, breadboard types dont have this property. This is also in contrast to stripboard and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build more permanent soldered prototypes or oneoffs, and cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2011/02/17 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.02 x 0.18 inches

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